Çeviri notları- Olumsuz Yapılar

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  • 30 Kasım 2012 Cuma
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  • ingilizce de Olumsuz Yapılar

    1)   Yardımcı eylem ve kipliklere not eklenerek yapılabilir.
    I can swim. I can't swim. (I cannot  swim)
    I was cold. It wasn't cold. (It was not cold)
    We'll come. We won't come  / We will not come. She  is running.  She  is not running.
    We have  forgotten you. We haven't forgotten you.

    2)     Yardımcı eylem ve kiplik yoksa don't, doesn't, ya da didn't kullanılır.
    I drink milk in the morning.  I don't drink milk in the morning?
    He drinks milk in the morning.  He doesn't drink milk in the morning. They went to Istanbul. They didn't go to Istanbul.

    3)     Buyruk tümcelerinde don't kullanılır.
    Open  the door.         Don't open  the door. Be rude.    Don't be rude.

    4)     Kimi sözcüklesin bulunması tümceye olumsuz anlam  verebilir: never,  seldom, rarely, hardly.
    He never  gets up late.
    They can hardly speak French. She  is seldom at home.

    Bu sözcüklerin bulunduğu tümceler ayrıca  olumsuz yapılmaz.

    5)    Olumsuz soru yapmak için yardımcı  eylem ve kipliklere not eklemek yeterlidir.
    Do you speak English?                   Don't you speak English? Can they swim?                                Can't  they swim.
    Will you see him?                                 Won't you see him?
    !s he thirsty?                                      Isn't he thirsty?

    Resmi kullanımda yardımcı  eylem + özne + not yapısı kullanılır.
    Does she not speak English?
    Have you not visited your uncle yet?


    A Brief Glossary of Correct  Usage

    1)    A, AN (art) Before consonant sounds, use a; before vowel sounds, use an
    They left an hour ago.
    I will attend a university next semester.

    2)    ACCEPT (i) EXCEPT (prep)
    They accepted my invitation.
    Everyone except me attended the meeting.

    3)     ADVICE (n) ADVISE (n)
    His advice  was very useful.
    I advise him to buy a car.

    4)     AFFECT (v), EFFECT  (n) The verb affect  means to influence and the noun effect means the result.
    Pollution affects everyone.
    The effect of the drug is well known.

    5)     ALMOST (adv). MOST (adj. pron) The adverb almost is used with verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to
    mean nearly but not completely. Most means the majority or greatest part.
    Almost all students work very hard. Most students work very hard.

    6)     ALREADY (adv). ALL READY (adj). Already means before the time specified; all ready means completely prepared.
    The movie had already begun by the time we arrived.
    The president was all ready  to go on vacation.

    7)     AMOUNT, NUMBER (n) Amount  refers to non-count items; number  refers to countable items.
    The amount of money  you have  is not enough.
    The number of students in the program is increasing.

    8)     BARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY (adv). These words have  a negative meaning and cannot be used with other negative words.
    I could barely see him.
    Scarcely had the picnic begun when the rain started.

    9)     BESİDE, BESIDES (prep). Beside means next to; besides means in addition to.
    He sat beside the pretty girl.
    He has a bicycle besides a car.

    10)   BETWEEN, AMONG (prep). Between refers to only two persons or things; among refers to three  or more persons or things.
    There  is little difference between the two ideas.
    There  is little difference among the three  ideas.

    11) CLOTHES (n), CLOTHE  (v), CLOSE  (adj,  prep.  v)
    The man was wearing  old, dirty clothes. She  lives close to the university.
    He has to work hard to feed and clothe his large family. The store closes at midnight.

    12)   COMPARED (v, adj), Compared with is used to indicate  differences, while compared to is used to point out similarities.
    He compared the crowd with the larger crowds of previous years.
    He compared the crowd to a swarm of angry bees.

    13)  COMPLEMENT, COMPLIMENT (v, n) A complement is something that completes something else. A
    compliment is a statement of approval or congratulations. The related verbs have  the same sense.
    A subject complement follows the verb "to be*. She  got many compliments on her new ring.
    The brown walls complement the generally dark effect of the room. She  complimented him on his cooking.

    14)  COSTUME, COSTUM, COSTUMS  (n), Costume refers to clothing; custom refers to a traditional practice or habit; customs means the agency for collecting duties, emposed by a country on imports or exports.
    She  wore a beautiful custume to the party.
    Customs differ from country to country.
    You must pass through  customs when you enter  a country.

    15)  COUNCIL (n), COUNSEL (v, n), A council is an official group.  Counsel means to give  advice. The noun
    counsel means advice.
    The city council meets every week.
    His doctor counseled him to stop smoking. His counsel was useful to us.

    16)   DESERT  (n, v). DESSERT (n)
    It is very hot and dry in the desert. The camp  was deserted.
    Her favorite dessert is chocolate ice cream.

    17)   DIFFER (v), DIFFERENT (adj). Both words are followed by from and not them.
    My current  teacher differs in method from my last one.
    The ending  of the book was different from what I expected.

    18)   FARTHER, FURTHER (adj. adj / adv). Farther/further refers to distance; only further is usd to mean more
    time, degree, or quantity.
    Let's not walk any farther / further,
    I will give you further information later.



    19)   FEWER,  LESS (adj. pron) Fewer is used with countable items, less is used with non-count items.
    He spent fewer hours studying for the exam. He spent less time studying for the exam.

    20)   FORMER,  FIRST (n, adj) Former refers to the first of two persons or things named. First refers to the first of three  or more persons or things named.
    Both Mary and Jane were invited, but only the former came. Ann, Jane, and Amy are sisters, but the first was adopted.

    21)   FORMERLY, FORMALLY (adv), Formerly means previously or earlier; formally means in a formal manner.
    Elizabeth was formerly called Betty.
    You are too formally dressed for an outdoor  picnic.

    22)   FORTH, (adv), FOURTH (adj), Forth means in a forward direction; fourth refers to the place  in numerical order coming after third.
    She  rocked  the baby back and forth until he fell asleep. You are the fourth person to ask that question.
    23)  HAD BETTER, WOULD RATHER (v) Had better expresses advisability; Would rather expresses preference.
    I had better  study tonight.
    I would rather  watch television  than study.

    24)   ITS (adj), IT'S (pron + v)
    The cat drank its milk and washed its ears. It's time to go home.
    25)   KIND, SORT,  TYPE (n), These words may be singular or plural. When the word is singular, it is modified by this or that; when it is plural, it is modified by these or those.
    I like this kind of cookie                                I like these kinds of cookies
    He always buys that sort of since            He always buys those sorts of shoes. They enjoy reading that type of book.       They enjoy those types of books.


    the
    26)   LATER (adj, adv), LATTER (pron, adj), LAST (ad]). Later is the comparative from of late, latter refers to

    second of two persons or things named; last refers to the final person or thing.
    The movie began later than we expected.
    Both Frank and Philip are likeable, but the latter is more intelligent. December is the last month of the year.

    27)   LAY, LIE (v), The verb lay, which means to put or place, can be active or passive and take an object.  The verb lie, when it means to repose, is never  passive and never  followed by and object.
    Lay (laid, laid, laying)                          He laid the book aside.
    Lie (lay, lain, lying)                             He lay down on the bed.

    28)   LIE, LIE (v), The verb lie meaning to repose had different principal parts from the verb lie which means not to tell the truth.    *
    Lie (lay, lain, lying)                                       He lies in bed until noon.
    Lie (lied, lied, lying)                                      He lies, cheats, and steals.

    29)   LIKE (prep), SUCH AS (prep), AS IF (conj), Like, which is followed by an object,  means resembling; such as means for example; as if means as though and introduces an adverb clause of manner.
    He looks like his father. (resemblance = like + noun)
    Fruits such as oranges and grapefruit grow in Antalya. (example = such as + noun)
    He looks as if he is tired, (manner = as if+ clause)

    30)   LOOSE (adj), LOSE (v) LOOSEN (V)
    I need a screw driver to tighten the loose screws. He is losing weight very quickly.
    She  was saddened by the loss of her wedding  ring. I am loosening the screws.

    31)   MAYBE (adv), MAY BE (v), Maybe means possibly or perhaps; may be is a verb form indicating that a possibility exists.
    Maybe you will find the wallet you lost. She  may be late.


    32)    PASSED (v). PAST (adj. prep)
    The car passed the house very slowly. The boy ran past the house.

    33)   PEACE,  PIECE (n) Peace means the opposite of war or other conflict; piece  means part of a whole : Peace came after long years of war.
    He sold a piece  of his land.

    34)   PERSONAL  (adj), PERSONNEL (n) Personal means private; personnel refers to the workers or staff of a business.
    It is difficult to discuss personal problems. All personnel must attend the meeting.
    35)   PRECEDE, PROCEED (v), Precede means to come  before something else;  proceed means to go forward or continue.
    The subject usually precedes the verb.
    After a brief interruption, we proceeded with class.
    36)   PRINCIPAL (n, adj), PRINCIPLE (n) Principal  means primary or very important  and is also the title given to the director of a school; principle means a belief or doctrine.
    The principal side effect of the drug is drowsiness.
    He has been principal of that high school for many years. The experiment demonstrated a basic scientific principle.

    37)  QUIET (adj), QUITE (adv), Quiet is the opposite of noisy, quite can mean completely or fairly.
    After the children left, the house was quiet. She  is quite beautiful.
    The film was quite good.

    38)   RAISE, RISE (v), Raise, which means to lift, takes an object and can be either active or passive; rise, which
    means to ascent or increase, is never  passive and never  takes on object. raise, (raised,  raised,  raising)                     They raised the flag.
    rise (rose, risen, rising)                               Prices have  risen sharply.

    39)  SET, SIT (v), Set,  which means to put or place, takes an object and can be either active or passive; sit
    which means to seat oneself, is never  passive and never  takes an object.
    set (set, set, setting)                              She  set the flowers on the table. sit (sat, sat. sitting)                                      They were sitting on the porch.

    40)   STATIONARY  (adj), STATIONERY (n), Stationary means permanent, not changing places; stationery
    refers to paper for writting letters.
    After remaining stationery for two days, the cold front finally moved  west. She  wrote the letter on university stationery.

    41)   SUPERIOR (adj), Superior is always used to compare two persons or things and is followed by to and not than.  It cannot be qualifid by the words more or most.
    Her score is superior to his.

    42)   THEIR (adj), THEY'RE (pron + v), THERE (adv)
    They left their books at home. Please put your books over there. They're  studying for the examination.

    43)  THOROUGH (ADJ), THROUGH (prep) The report was very thorough. He walked through  the room.
    44)  TO (prep), TOO (adv), TWO (adj)
    The children walk to school every day. You are working too slowly.
    I lost two books yesterday.

    45)  WEATHER (n), WHETHER (conj)
    The weather is warm in the spring.
    He hasn't decided whether or not to go.

    46)  WHO'S (pron + v), WHOSE (adj).
    Who's giving the party?
    No one knows whose coat this is.

    Key to abbrevations adj             adjective adv            adverb art           article
    conj           conjunction n                noun
    prep          preposition
    pron          pronoun v                verb

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